Milestones

1890-1902

1890 – Born on December 8 in the tower of St. James Church in Polička (now Czech Republic) to Ferdinand Martinů, a shoemaker, and Karolina Martinů. He spent the first twelve years of his life there with his parents and two siblings.

1897 – Began attending the local grammar school, the only formal education he ever completed. Took his first violin lessons from local tailor and music teacher Josef Černovský.

1903-1910

c. 1903 – Composed his first piece, a programmatic string quartet titled The Three Riders, based on a ballad by Jaroslav Vrchlický.

1905 – First public performance as a violinist in a tavern in Borová.

1906 – Following a public performance in Polička, he was awarded a scholarship by the town council. After passing the entrance exams, he began studying violin at the Prague Conservatory.

1908 – Expelled from the Conservatory on May 12 for an unauthorized public performance with an amateur orchestra; readmitted on May 25.

1909 – Composed the remarkable Elegy for Violin and Piano during Easter. In October, he transferred to the organ department, which included composition studies.

1910 – On June 4, he was “dismissed for incorrigible negligence.” This marked the beginning of his lifelong compositional output; within weeks, he wrote two large orchestral works: The Death of Tintagiles (after Maeterlinck) and The Angel of Death (after Przerwa-Tetmajer).

1911-1920

1911 – First consultations with Josef Suk. Failed his state teaching examination in December.

1912 – Began composing the piano cycle Puppets (1912–1923), his first enduring work. Also wrote Nipponari for voice and small ensemble. Passed his state exam in December.

1914 – Outbreak of WWI. Martinů was exempted from military service.

1915 – Began occasional work as a violinist with the Czech Philharmonic.

1919 – Premiere of Czech Rhapsody by the Czech Philharmonic (January 12). Toured London, Paris, Geneva, Bern, and Zurich with the National Theatre Orchestra during the summer.

1920 – Settled his obligations in Polička and returned to Prague. Became a permanent member of the Czech Philharmonic (second violin section).

1921-1930

1922 – Discovered English Renaissance madrigals through a performance by The English Singers. Commenced composition studies under Josef Suk. Composed the ballet Who is the Most Powerful in the World.

1923 – Moved to Paris in October to study composition with Albert Roussel.

1923-1940 Lived in Paris as a freelance composer until 1940, typically spending summers in Polička.

1924 – Composed the orchestral rondo Half-Time in Polička—his first mature work. Its premiere by Václav Talich and the Czech Philharmonic caused a scandal, with Martinů facing (and defending against) accusations of plagiarizing Stravinsky’s Petrushka. The ballet Istar premiered at the National Theatre in Prague.

1925 – Composed his String Quartet No. 2, which gained him international recognition and was published by Universal Edition Vienna.

1926 – Met Charlotte Quennehen, his future wife. Composed La Bagarre for large orchestra.

1927 – Completed his first opera, The Soldier and the Dancer, and the jazz ballet The Kitchen Revue. Met Dr. Miloš Šafránek, who would become his assistant and biographer.

1929 – Finished the opera-film Three Wishes.

1931-1939

1931 – Married Charlotte Quennehen. Elected as a regular member of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts.

1933 – Premiere of the ballet Špalíček at the National Theatre in Prague, followed by a production at the National Theatre in Brno. The work was honored with the Smetana Award.

1937 – Met composer Vítězslava Kaprálová, who became his student and lover. Composed the cantata The Bouquet of Flowers and the Concerto Grosso, dedicated to Charles Munch.

1938 – Premiere of the opera Julietta in Prague. Composed a series of masterpieces, including Tre Ricercari and String Quartet No. 5. On the day of the Munich Agreement, he finished the Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani.

1939 – Outbreak of WWII. Composed the Field Mass for Czech volunteers in France.

1940-1950

1940–1941 – Fled from occupied France through Spain and Portugal to the USA. He left most manuscripts behind, taking only four scores. Vítězslava Kaprálová died in June 1940. He settled in New York and saw great success with the premiere of his Concerto Grosso by Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony.

1942 – Composed Symphony No. 1, premiered by Koussevitzky. He would write one symphony every year until 1946, solidifying his status in the US music scene.

1944 – Composed Symphony No. 3 and Violin Sonata No. 3. Allied landing in Normandy. Began a long-term relationship with Rosalie Barstow.

1945 – Celebrated the end of the war with the Czech Rhapsody for violin and piano. Learned of his mother’s death (1944) and the death of his close friend Stanislav Novák.

1946 – Suffered a serious injury falling from a balcony at the Berkshire Music School; the resulting hearing loss and vertigo plagued him for the rest of his life.

1947 – Beginning of the Cold War. Composed works including the Three Madrigals for Violin and Viola.

1948 – Following the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia and the death of Jan Masaryk, he abandoned plans to return home and remained in exile. Appointed Professor of Composition at Princeton University (until 1951).

1951-1959

1951 – Began work on Fantaisies symphoniques (Symphony No. 6). The production of Comedy on the Bridge in New York received the Critics’ Circle Award for Best Opera.

1952 – Obtains American citizenship. After a fifteen-year hiatus, he returns to opera, composing What Men Live By (based on Tolstoy) and The Marriage (based on Gogol) for the NBC television network. Also composes the Rhapsody-Concerto for Viola and Orchestra.

1953 – Receives a one-year Guggenheim Fellowship, leaves the USA, and settles with Charlotte in Nice. From this time on, he lives primarily in France, Italy, and Switzerland. Completes Symphonic Fantasies (Symphony No. 6).

1954 – Composes the opera Mirandolina and the Piano Sonata. Meets Nikos Kazantzakis and begins work on the opera The Greek Passion.

1955 – Creation of several major works: the oratorio The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra, the orchestral Frescoes of Piero della Francesca, and the cantata The Opening of the Wells. Charles Munch premieres Symphonic Fantasies with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in Boston and New York; Martinů receives the annual New York Music Critics’ Circle Award for the work. He is elected a member of the American National Institute of Arts and Letters. At the end of the year, he returns to the USA for a final few months to teach at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia and again at the Mannes School of Music in New York.

1957 – Receives a Guggenheim Fellowship for the opera The Greek Passion. Paul and Maja Sacher invite Martinů to Schönenberg near Basel; he and Charlotte move there permanently in September. Composes the Piano Concerto No. 5.

1959 – In January, he visits a production of Julietta in Wiesbaden, the first since its Prague premiere. Perhaps sensing his approaching end, he produces one composition after another: completes the second version of The Greek Passion, followed notably by the Nonet, Czech Madrigals for five solo voices, Chamber Music No. 1, and the cantatas Mikeš from the Mountains and The Prophecy of Isaiah.

August 28, 1959 – Dies at the cantonal hospital in Liestal near Basel. He is buried in Schönenberg; in 1979, his remains are repatriated to his birthplace, Polička.